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Izintambo zePlastiki namakhebula

Izintambo zepulasitiki ezidumile esizihlinzekayo zenziwe nge-PP (Polypropylene), Nylon, Polyester. 

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POLYPROPYLENE ROPES: Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer turning to a liquid when heated and freezing to a very glassy state when ipholile ngokwanele. I-Polypropylene imangelengele futhi imelana ngendlela engavamile kuzincibilikisi, izisekelo nama-asidi kanye inendawo yokuncibilika engu-170°Centigrade. Ukubukeka kwayo okuvamile kufana ne-bristle eqinile, noma itheyipu efana ne-fiber enemibala, ngokuvamile ephuzi, emnyama, noma ewolintshi. I-Polypropylene ngezinye izikhathi inikezwa njengefayibha emhlophe ecolekile.

Polypropylene is normally tough and flexible, reasonably economical, often opaque or colored using pigments. Ngaphezu kwalokho i-Polypropylene ine ukumelana okuhle nokukhathala. I-Polypropylene ine-gravity ethize engu-.91 (amanzi angu-1) ngakho-ke is lighter-365cd5ccd-3cf58d_lighter-3cf5cd5ccd5ccd-3cf58d_lighter-3cf-5ccd5ccd-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_lighter-375ccd5ccNgoba intanta i-polypropylene iyona ntambo ekhethwayo uma isetshenziswa emanzini. Izintambo ze-Polypropylene are_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cfstnduries extensive in marine. Ngenxa yokuthi iyantanta, akulula ukuthi ixakwe kuphephela wenjini. I-Polypropylene ayiyona into eyodwa eyingqayizivele kodwa kunalokho a range yamapulasitiki anohlu lwezimpawu kuye ngokuthi ifomu lekristalu kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okunembile._cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b-158d_5Iphoyinti lokuncibilika nezinga lokugeleza lincike esisindweni samangqamuzana. 

Polypropylene experiences chain ukuwohloka kokuchayeka ekushiseni nasemisebeni ye-UV enjengaleyo ekhona elangeni. Izintambo ze-polypropylene ezonakele ziba chalky ezibukekayo futhi njengezintambo ekunqamukeni kwangaphandle, ziba fuzzier futhi ziguquguquke._cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b-5994-bb3b-cfv5-i-136bad yangaphandle Amadayi neCarbon Black provide protection emonakalweni we-UV. Also anti-oxidants are added to prevent polymer degradation. Polypropylene ropes are made either from continuous monofilament similar to but slightly thicker than polyester and nylon or iqotshwe yaba yimicu emifushane esonteka njengemicu yemvelo. Kwesinye isikhathi zenziwe nge i-monofilament ewugqinsi, efana notshani noma ama-bristles, ngokuvamile ububanzi obungu-0.1 kuya ku-0.15 mm. Kuleli fomu kungase kube i-fibre eqhubekayo, noma ingase isikwe ibe ubude obufushane bese icutshungulwa njengemicu yemvelo ukuze kwakheke umucu oyisisekelo. Ingasetshenziswa lapho ukubukeka kwentambo yemvelo kufiseleka khona. kodwa izinzuzo zesakhiwo sokwenziwa ziwusizo.

Olunye uhlobo lwe-polypropylene lufana netheyiphu ezacile, ngokuvamile engu-0.06 ukuya ku-0.1 mm ubukhulu okuthi ngesinye isikhathi isontekile ukuze ibonakale iyintambo eyisiyingi. I tape ingase ihlukaniswe ukuze kubonakale njengeqoqo lemicu emincane eyisicaba enamathelanayo.

Izintambo zepulasitiki ze-polypropylene zivame ukuba mhlophe, zimnyama, ziphuzi noma ziwolintshi. Ukufaka imibala kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukuwohloka kwe-UV. Imicu ye-Polypropylene, inayiloni kanye ne-polyester cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlukana ngokubukeka kodwa i-polypropylene ivamise ukushuba kancane futhi iqine.

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Izinzuzo ze Polypropylene Ropes

  • They FLOAT. This and the fact that they have some stretch makes polypropylene ropes a good water rope

  • Ilula futhi kulula ukuyiphatha ngamadiamitha aminyene.

  • AYINEXPENSIVE uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izintambo.

  • Its INERT lapho ivezwa kumakhemikhali amaningi nezinyibilikisi. Imelana ne-asidi, izisekelo kanye nezincibilikisi kahle.

  • Imelana nokubola nesikhutha.

  • Yenziwe yaba izintambo zendabuko ezinombala onsundu ezikhanga abathanda izikebhe zokhuni kanye nezendabuko. Lezo zinhlobo zibiza kakhulu nokho.

Okubi kwe Polypropylene Ropes

  • Akuyona intambo Eqine Kakhulu nxazonke. Izintambo ze-polypropylene ziyizindophi azinconyiwe njenge izintambo zokuphepha ezingase zivezwe ekucindezelekeni okuphezulu.

  • I-Polypropylene izwela ukuwohloka kwe-UV futhi izoba brittle futhi ibe buthakathaka uma iyekwa elangeni isikhathi eside.

  • Iyanwebeka, cishe ingxenye yalokho inayiloni. 10-15%

  • I-polypropylene iqinile futhi iyashelela futhi idume kabi ngokuhlehliswa ngenxa yokuthi iphuma emafindo nokuklebhuka. Okukhethekile knots kwadingeka kuthuthukiswe ukuze kubhekwane nale nkinga.

Ngezinye izikhathi i-polypropylene yengezwa ezintanjeni ihlanganiswe neminye imicu ukuze kwenziwe intambo eyingxube entantayo, kodwa enamandla angcono kanye nokumelana ne-UV.

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I-NYLON (POLYAMIDE) ROPES: Nylon igama elijwayelekile lomndeni wama-polymer okwenziwa aziwa ngokujwayelekile ngokuthi ama-polyamides. Inayiloni ine I-Gravity ethize: 1.13 (Inayiloni ayintanti), I-Polyamide iqinile futhi iqinile futhi inokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuhuzuka, Inayiloni izokwelula kakhulu ngaphambi kokuphuka, iyanwebeka futhi idonsa kahle ukushaqeka. Ngakho-ke izintambo zenayiloni zi inketho enhle ye-dynamic loads such as_cc781905-94356-abbd-3ncho Inayiloni mama-elts esikhundleni sokushiswa, ine-good amandla isisindo isilinganiso​. I-Polyamide (inayiloni) ine Ithempelesha Ephezulu engu 210°F / 99°C, Ithempelesha Eliphansi lika -94°C -94°C -07°C. I-MElting Point is 420°F 216°C and I-Tensile Strength is 5,800 psi. Ukumelana ne-UV yeNyiloni kuhle. DI-ry polyamide iyisivikeli esihle sikagesi, nokho ngenxa yokuthi imunca amanzi, izakhiwo zikagesi zeNylon zingashintsha uma imanzi, imelana kahle ne-Oil and Organic Solvents, i-Formaldehyde ne-Alcohols, noma kunjalo has poor resistance to Phenols, Alkalis, Iodine, Acids and Chlorine. Nylon is resistant to insects, isikhunta, izilwane, kanye nesikhunta, isikhutha nokubola. Ukulayishwa okuphephile kwentambo yenayiloni ngu_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5/158d its_breaking strength. Nokho khumbula ukuthi amafindo, ubudala, ukuguga kanye namakhemikhali kwenza intambo ibe buthaka. Intambo yenayiloni ivamise ukwenziwa nge31bb-58 ubude be-monocc3585554554585545455545554545-136bad5cf58d_intambo yenylon 136bad5cf58d_iza noma ilukiwe noma isontiwe. 

Izintambo zenayiloni zingenziwa ngemicu emikhulu noma emincane ezothinta umuzwa wayo, ukuqina nokubukeka kwayo. Izintambo zenayiloni zingathambile kakhulu futhi kulula ukuziphatha, noma zibe nzima kakhulu lapho uzithinta.

Izintambo zenayiloni zingadaywa futhi ziyi iyatholakala ngemibala eminingi. Ezinye izintambo zenayiloni zithi available with water repelling coatings that reduce_cc75c553b3b3b3b38d_reduce reduce_cc75c553b5b5b3b3b3b3b3b3b3b3b3bdb3b3b3b3bd-1355755-db3bd-3db3-13655755-1

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Izinzuzo zezintambo zenayiloni:

  • Inayiloni ingenziwa ukuthi icwebezele kakhulu, ibe buthuntu noma ibe buthuntu futhi ingenziwa ithambe impela uma uyithinta.

  • Inayiloni (Polyamide) inokumelana okuhle kwe-UV

  • Izintambo zenayiloni zishibhile uma kuqhathaniswa.

  • Izintambo zenayiloni zimelana neze nezincibilikisi namafutha, kodwa hhayi kakhulu ngokumelene izisekelo eziqinile ne-asidi.

  • I-Polyamide imelana nokubola kanye nesikhutha kodwa ingaba namabala ikakhulukazi emanzini ancibilikayo.

  • Inayiloni ayishi

  • Inayiloni inamandla  with good_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3bd5brasion_158 resistance

  • Inayiloni iyanwebeka futhi inweba phakathi kuka-15% kuya 40%. 

Ububi bezintambo zenayiloni:

  • Izintambo zenayiloni ziyacwila

  • They Release amakhemikhali ayingozi lapho degradation happens_cc781905-5cde-3194-3194 high.

  • Ngoba inayiloni inwebeka impela, izintambo zenayiloni azifaneleki lapho ulayini udinga ukuzinza kwe-dimentional njengokudwengula.

  • Inayiloni yaziwa ngokushwabana futhi ngenxa yalokhu kuvame ukusetha ukushisa.

  • Inayiloni ilahlekelwa amandla lapho imanzi, Ngezinye izikhathi kuze kufike ku-20% wamandla ayo omile.

  • Uma inayiloni ijikeleziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngephesenti eliphezulu lamandla ayo aphukayo, ikhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu kwangaphakathi, okwehlisa isithunzi its performance_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b-55d58d high_136bad, futhi ingabangela ukwehluleka izigigaba zokubambelela phakathi nesiphepho. 

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I-POLYESTER ROPES: Polyester isetshenziswa kabanzi njenge sail impahla ngoba ihlanganisa intengo enhle kanye ne-stretchd1c5b8c-ukuqina3cf8ukuqina-okuphansi3cf8ukuqina okuqinile3cf8ukuqina_okuqinile3cf8ukuqina.Imicu ye-polyester mihle kakhulu, ngokuvamile icishe ibe ngu-0.023 mm ububanzi. Le micu iningi white. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukwehlukanisa inayiloni ne-polyester ngokubukeka nje kuphela. Polyester has a specific gravity of 1.38 and therefore polyester ropes DO NOT float. I-polyester inamandla kakhulu, futhi inamandla afanayo e-Nylon 6, futhi inamandla kancane kune-standard Nylon. Ngokuphambene Nylon (Polyamide) and Polypropylene, I-Polypropylene, I-Polypropylene ayilula kalula. Ngokuvamile noma yikuphi ukwelula okukhona ku-Polyester kuncishiswa ngokunwetshwa kwangaphambili ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Izintambo zePolyester zine low creep under load. Ngokungafani neNyiloni, iPolyester igcina amandla ayo ngisho noma imanzi. Melting Point ingu-240 °C. futhi iyahlukahluka ngokwakhiwa, Ukumelana ne-UV Kuhle kakhulu. Izintambo ze-Polyester zizolahlekelwa kuphela cishe u-10% wamandla azo aphukayo ngemva kweminyaka engu-2 yokusetshenziswa ngaphandle, uma kungenjalo_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf581bd9d-3cf58cd8d-3cf58c1bd-3c5c5cd8d9d-3cf58c3c5c3c3c5c3c5c3c8d8d9d-3136b3c5c5c5c8d8d_cut. Izintambo ze-polyester zine-eama-xcellent abrasion ukumelana futhi asebenza ngogesi non conductive. Bane-gukumelana ne-Alkalis nama-Acids ekamelweni lokushisa. Emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, ukumelana kuyehla. Izintambo zePolyester nazo zinokumelana okuhle kakhulu nemikhiqizo esekelwe ku-Petroleum, Ama-Bleaches kanye Nezinto Ezincibilikayo, nakuba ukuwohloka okuthile kanye nokuba buthakathaka kuzokwenzeka.

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Izinzuzo zezintambo zePolyester:

  • Ukumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali emazingeni okushisa avamile

  • Ukumelana okuhle kwe-UV

  • I-Polyester iqine kancane kuneNyiloni futhi iphambene ne nylon ayilahlekelwa amandla uma imanzi.

  • Ukwelula Okuphansi

  • I-polyester iqinile kunenayiloni

  • Izintambo ze-polyester zifaneleka kahle emithwalweni emile

  • Ezomnotho futhi itholakala kabanzi.

 

Ukungalungi kwezintambo zePolyester:

  • Izintambo zePolyester do zingantanti.

  • Amanye ama-braids e-polyester aqinile futhi awasebenzi kahle kumabhulokhi.

  • I-polyester ayifaneleki uma umthwalo ungaphansi kokuqhaqhazela. Ayinikezi njengoba inayiloni yenza futhi ku such applications polyester ingasetshenziswa kuphela njengesendlalelo esingaphandle sokuvikela.

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I-UHMWPE ROPES: Iphinde ibizwe high-performance polyethylene (HPPE), Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE noma efushaniswe ku-UHMW), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-high-performance-58cPEthylene (HPPE9). -3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_

I-UHMWPE inamaketango amade kakhulu e-molecular angenamaqembu aphuma ku-molecule. Lokhu akuniki indawo yokuhlasela elula yokusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali nokuhlasela. Ama-molecule amade anamandla ngokwedlulele ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuqondaniswa nokwelula. Njengoba ingakwenzi interact nezinye izinto, ayihehwa amanzi, futhi ayinamatheli kunoma yini okuhlanganisa nezandla, futhi imelana nokunamathiselwa yizinto eziphilayo ezincane. UHMWPE ropes Yenza not munca amanzi.  They awenzi buthaka uma emanzi njengoba inayiloni injalo. Miphoyinti lokukhuphuka licishe libe ngu-144 kuya ku-152 °C (291 kuya ku-306 °F) Lokhu kuphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezintambo eziningi ezihloselwe ulwandle use. Futhi I-HMPE izizwa ishelela kakhulu esandleni, hnjengokuminyana okungama-0.95 futhi intanta emanzini olwandle. I-polyethylene ingaphansi kokungena ngaphansi komthwalo oqhubekayo, nakuba it iqinile. Iqine ngokuphindwe kabili kunensimbi eqinile (iyunithi ngayinye), ine-coefficient ephansi kakhulu yokungqubuzana, ine-gukumelana nemihuzuko, it iyazigcoba, inokumelana okuhle kwe-UV, luyanwebeka. Ngokungafani neNyiloni ye-UHMWPE ayinwebeki kakhulu.

Izinsimbi ezinamandla aphezulu zinamandla okukhiqiza afanayo, futhi izinsimbi ezinekhabhoni ephansi zinamandla aphansi kakhulu. Nokho, njengoba insimbi ine-gravity ethize yokuzungeza 7.8, lokhu kunikeza izilinganiso zamandla-kuya-isisindo zalezi zikhathi ezingu-0 ukuya kwezingu-0 ukuphakama kwalezi zindlela ezi-1 eziphakeme insimbi. Izilinganiso zamandla nesisindo kwamanye amabhrendi zicishe ziphakame ngo-40% kunama-aramide afana ne-Kevlar. Ngamanye amazwi, UHMWPE inezilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zesisindo zanoma iyiphi indoda eyenziwe ngemicu. 

Izintambo ze-UHMWPE zinokudambisa okuhle kakhulu kokudlidliza, ukukhathala okuguquguqukayo kanye ne-fiber-friction yangaphakathi. 

Izintambo ze-UHMWPE zifanele useyili osebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nokugetshengwa ekungeneni kwezikebhe. Ukuba ne-low stretch assures amaseyili agcina umumo ofanele kanye nokubukeka okumhlophe okukhazimulayo nge brasional resistance. Impilo ewusizo idlula enye impahla izikhathi eziningi.

I-UHMWPE iphinde isetshenziswe kuma-armours, amagilavu angavimbeki kanye nezimpahla zokugqoka, izinto zokuqwala, izintambo zokudoba, imigqa yokulengiswa kumapharashuthi ezemidlalo nama-paraglider, ama-kite, kanye ne-kite lines,_cc751905-136bad5cf58d_lines,31-58d-0655819 -yeka ukuqiniswa kwendwangu yempahla... nokunye. Ngenxa yokuthi i-UHMWPE rope intanta emanzini olwandle isetshenziselwa imikhumbi yokubopha izintambo kanye nezintambo zokudonsa ezikebheni zabo bonke osayizi. Ilula kakhulu kunensimbi enesisindo esilinganayo ngakho ngokuvamile ithatha indawo yezintambo zensimbi, it isetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa izihlilingi nezintambo.

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Izinzuzo zezintambo ze-UHMWPE:

  • Anamandla kakhulu anesilinganiso esiphakeme samandla esisindweni. (Amandla afinyelela ku-350,000 psi). Amandla awathintwa amanzi

  • Izinguqulo eziningi zilula ngokwanele ukuthi zingantanta. 

  • Isitebele se-UV

  • I-conductivity kagesi ephansi

  • Angasebenzi ngamakhemikhali ngaphandle kokuthi strong oxidizing acid

  • Ibushelelezi futhi iyashelela, iyazithambisa

  • Ukumelana ukukhathala, ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kanye nokuhuzuka

  • Ukwelula okuphansi, ukudlidliza okuhle kokudambisa

  • Ibonisa ngale ku-radar

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Ububi bezintambo ze-UHMWPE:

  • Iphuzu elincibilikayo eliphansi 144 kuya ku-152 °C (291 kuya ku-306 °F) kanye nokusetshenziswa okunconyiwe okuphansi (ngaphansi kuka-80°C)

  • Ingaphansi komthwalo oqinile. Izingxube ezihlukahlukene zisiza ukubhekana nale nkinga ekusetshenzisweni kokukhwabanisa.

  • Ngenxa yemvelo eshelelayo ayiwabambi kahle amafindo. 

  • Izintambo zezintambo zingahlanekezela futhi zisonteke ngenxa yokungqubuzana okuphansi.

  • Kunzima ukuyisika kahle ngoba iyashelela futhi ayizweli.

  • Izikhathi ezi-4-5 ezibiza kakhulu kunezintambo ze-polyester.

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Ukulayishwa okuphephile kwentambo kuvame ukuba ngu-1/10 kuya ku-1/12 wamandla ayo okuphuka. Khumbula ukuthi amafindo enza intambo ibe buthaka (ukunciphisa ngo-50-80%) njengoba kwenza iminyaka, ukuguga, ukuhlasela kwamakhemikhali njll.

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I-ARAMID (KEVLAR / TWARON / TECHNORA) IZIMPENDULO: 

Izintambo ze-Aramid zinikeza amandla aphezulu, i-modulus ephezulu (ukuqina), ukuqina kanye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Ukumelana okuphansi kuka-Kevlar nokushaqeka, kukhawulela its use ezikebheni kanye nokukhuphuka. Uma intambo ye-Aramid ingaphansi komthelela obukhali noma ukushaqeka, ingaba sengozini enkulu ngaphandle kokukhombisa noma yimuphi umonakalo wangaphandle. Therefore, its marine use should be limited to static loads. The aligned crystal structure in the fiber and long amaketanga e-molecule anomthelela emandleni e-Kevlar. Ngokungafani ne-UHMWPE, i-Kevlar (i-Aramid) iyi-molecule ye-polar. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo polar kuzoba lula kwezinye izinto ukubopha kuso. Lokhu kuyenza ibe lula ekuhlaselweni kwamakhemikhali kune-UHMWPE kodwa ohlangothini oluhle ivumela ukuthi iboshwe ku-epoxy. Ngenxa yama-molecule ayo asezindaweni ezishisayo, Kevlar idonswa amanzi futhi izomanzisa kalula. Lokhu kuphumela kokuthi ukuzwa kancane ukushelela. Imicu ye-KEVLAR iqukethe amaketanga amamolekyuli amade futhi agxile kakhulu anokuhlanganiswa okuqinile kwe-interchain okuphumela ekuhlanganisweni okuyingqayizivele kwezakhiwo. Izintambo ze-Kevlar zinikeza hukumelana ne-igh cut, amandla aphezulu we-2920 MPa, cizinga lokushisa eliqinile lingu-400°F, ukubola at 800°F, ukumelana nelangabi, imvelo ezicishayo, hIgh ukumelana namakhemikhali ngaphandle to Chlorine, I-Acid Eqinile Nezisekelo, lOw Ukuncipha Okushisayo futhi akubi brittle emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu. I-Kevlar hnjenge-gravity ethize ka-1.44, ingu-sngaphansi kokucekelwa phansi kwe-UV, wukugula ukumunca umswakama, inikeza eukuzinza kwe-dimensional xcellent, isibubude besikhathi sokuphumula buphansi 1.5-4.5%, no conductivity kagesi, high toughness (Work-To-Break), damage prone to_cc7819053b51-5c5c781905-3bdshock5c4 Ukubunjwa okuhlukene, izinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nezingubo zisetshenziswa kuma-Aramids. Lokhu kuzoshintsha izakhiwo ngokwezinga elithile. Njengesibonelo, ukuvimbela amanzi kuvame ukusetshenziswa ku-Kevlar guywires ukuvimbela ukumuncwa kwamanzi kanye nokuqhutshwa kombani okungaba khona kukagesi.

 

Izinzuzo ze-Aramid Ropes:

  • Amandla okuqina aphezulu kakhulu anamandla aphezulu kuya esisindweni. Amandla awathintwa amanzi kodwa angakwazi ukumunca umswakama ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo polar.

  • Ukumelana okukhulu nokushisa, ukushiswa, kanye ukuwohloka kokushisa

  • Ngokujwayelekile ayihambisi ngogesi, nokho uma i-wet ingakwazi ukuqhuba ugesi.

  • Izinzile ngokwekhemikhali ngaphandle kokuthi ama-acids aqinile nezisekelo kanye ne-chlorine

  • Impahla enwebekayo ephansi

  • Kunzima futhi kunzima ukusika noma ukuhoxisa.

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Ukungalungi kwe-Aramid, Kevlar Twaron Ropes:

  • Ayintanti

  • Kuyabiza

  • Izakhiwo ezicindezelayo zimbi kakhulu

  • Kunzima ukusika ngaphandle kokukhwabanisa

  • Ukumunca umswakama

  • U-Kevlar uvame ukudideka.

  • I-Kevlar ingalinyazwa ngokungabonakali ngenxa yokushaqeka. Ingahluleka ngendlela eyinhlekelele.

  • Ama-Aramid afana ne-Kevlar ne-Technora idinga izinqamuli ezikhethekile nokunamathiselwe ukuze kugcinwe amandla.

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INTENGO: Kuncike kumodeli kanye nenani le-oda

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Njengoba siphethe izinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-plastic ropes nobukhulu obuhlukene, izinhlelo zokusebenza kanye_cc781905-3b51-5c4 akunakwenzeka ukubala zonke lapha. Sikukhuthaza ukuthi usithumele i-imeyili noma usishayele ukuze sikwazi ukunquma ukuthi yimuphi umkhiqizo okulungele kangcono. Uma usithinta, sicela uqiniseke ukuthi uyasazisa mayelana:

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- Isicelo seplastiki ropes

 

- Ibanga lezinto ezibonakalayo elidingekayo

 

- Ubukhulu

 

- Qeda

 

- Izidingo zokupakisha

 

- Izidingo zokulebula

 

- Ubuningi

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Landa izincwajana zomkhiqizo wethu wezintambo zepulasitiki kusuka kuzixhumanisi ezilandelayo:

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- Izintambo Zokwenziwa

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Chofoza lapha ukuze ubuyele kumenyu yezintambo namaketanga namabhande namakhebula​ imenyu

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Chofoza Lapha ukuze ubuyele emuva ku- Homepage

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